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History of Rodos

Introduction
The island of Rhodes is situated at the crossroads of two major sea routes of the Mediterranean between the Aegean Sea and the coast of the Middle East, as well as Cyprus and Egypt. The meeting point of three continents, it has known many civilizations.
Throughout its long history the different people who settled on Rhodes left their mark in all aspects of the island's culture: art, language, architecture. Its strategic position brought to the island great wealth and made the city of Rhodes one of the leading cities of the ancient Greek world.
Rhodes is the largest island in the Dodecanese. Its capital city, located at its northern tip, is the capital of the Prefecture with the Medieval Town in its centre. In 1988 the Medieval Town was designated as a World Heritage City. The Medieval Town of Rhodes is the result of different architectures belonging to various historic eras, predominantly those of the Knights of St. John.

Rhodos History  Classical period
The island was inhabited as early as the late Neolithic period (4000 B.C.). In 408 B.C. the three major cities of the island - Ialyssos, Kamiros and Lindos - founded the city of Rhodes. The three centuries that followed were the golden age of Rhodes. Sea trade, skilled shipbuilders,and the careful and open-minded political and diplomatic manoeuvres of the city kept it strong and prosperous until Roman times.
In the same period, Rhodes produced excellent artistic work. The most celebrated of all was the Colossus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, made between 304 and 293 B.C. by the Lyndian sculptor Hares. The construction of the Colossus took 12 years and was finished in 282 BC. For years, the statue, representing their sun god Helios, stood at the harbour entrance, until a strong earthquake hit Rhodes about 226 BC. The city was badly damaged, and the Colossus was demolished.
The urban plan of ancient Rhodes reflects directly the urban and philosophical ideas of the famous ancient Greek planner, Hippodamus. The street plan of the ancient city is known due to decades of archaeological excavations. The building blocks (insulae) measure 47.70X26.50 m and all have the same dimensions. They included 3 houses each and were surrounded by streets 5-6 meters wide. Greater units constituted areas surrounded by wider streets (8-11 meters). Every area included 36 insulae or 108 houses. The ancient city had an extended and well-constructed sewage system as well as a water supply network

Rodos History  Roman Period
The independence of the city came to an end in 164 B.C. when Rhodes became a Province of the Roman Empire. But even as late as the 1st century A.D. Rhodes preserved much of its splendour and developed into one of the greatest centres of learning, science and the arts.
Apart from the surviving written sources, the archaeological research which continues to this day gives us a clear idea of the level of civilization during this period.

Rhodos History  Early Chistian Period
During the early Christian period (330-650 A.D.) Rhodes belonged to the eastern part of the Christianised Roman Empire, which is known in history as the Byzantine Empire.
Though less significant and prosperous than before, the city was the See of a Bishop and had a great number of churches, among them some basilicas of impressive dimensions. It was also an important military base.
The Arabs, who appeared or the first time in the Mediterranean in the 7th century, attacked Rhodes and occupied it for sοme decades. The city shrank during the following centuries and was fortified with new walls. At the same time it was divided into two zones, one reserved for the political and military leadership and the other where the laymen lived, a division that reflects the social reality of medieval times.
Due to lack of written sources we have little information concerning this period. The restoration work of the Italians neglected or even harmed surviving buildings in favour of the Knights’ period.

Rodos History  Knight's Period
In 1309 the island was sold to the Order of the Knights Hospitaliers of Saint John of Jerusalem. The Order was established in the 12th century in Jerusalem for the purpose of nursing pilgrims and crusaders, but soon enough it was transformed into a combat unit and acquired vast tracts of land.
Having retreated from Jerusalem and then Cyprus, the Order established its Headquarters on Rhodes, taking a leading role in the Eastern Mediterranean at this time.
During the Knights’ era the fortifications were extended, modernized and continuously reinforced. Α hospital, a palace and several churches were among the many public buildings constructed at that time, offering interesting examples of Gothic and Renaissance architecture. Ιn spite of the hostilities with the Ottoman Empire, sea trade was a source of wealth and the markets of the city were thriving. Under the Knights, the island had a period of prosperity and the relations between them and the local population was characterized by tolerance and often by close collaboration. Most of the streets of the Medieval Town coincided with those of the ancient city. The division of the town into two parts was retained. in Rhodes the Order kept a well-organized archive that included documents issued by its leadership, correspondence, notary acts, etc. The archive has survived and is found today in the National Library of Malta. It constitutes a valuable source of information for the period.

Rodos History  Ottoman Period
In 1522 the Ottoman Turks conquered the city after a second long siege. New buildings were constructed: mosques, public baths and mansions for the new patrons. The Greeks were forced to abandon the fortified city and move to new suburbs outside its walls.
In the Ottoman era Rhodes lost its international character. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.
After the establishment of their sovereignty οn the island, the Ottoman Turks repaired the damaged fortifications, converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights’ period facades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most οf the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies οn the facades over the narrow streets.In this this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers' period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.

In the Ottoman era Rhodes lost its international character. The city maintained its main economic function as a market for the agricultural products of the interior of the island and the surrounding small islands.
After the establishment of their sovereignty οn the island, the Ottoman Turks repaired the damaged fortifications, converted most of the churches into mosques and transformed the major houses into private mansions or public buildings. This transformation was a long-term process that aimed to adapt the buildings to the Ottoman way of living. The Knights’ period facades with their sculptured decorations, the arched gates and hewn stone walls were enriched with the random character of the Ottoman architecture adapted to the local climate and culture. Ιn this process most οf the architectural features of the existing buildings were preserved. The most characteristic additions were the baths (usually in the back of the buildings) and the enclosed wooden balconies οn the facades over the narrow streets.In this this way most of the buildings of the Hospitaliers' period in the Medieval Town were well preserved. The result was a mixture of oriental architecture with imposing western architectural remains and more recent buildings, which were characteristic of the local architecture of the time.
Ιn the l9th century the decline of the Ottoman Empire resulted in the general neglect of the town and its buildings, which further deteriorated due to the strong earthquakes that often plague the area.
 

rodos History  Italian Period
Italian troops took over the island and the rest of the Dodecanese in 1912 and in 1923 Italy established a colony Isole Italiane del Egeo.
The Italians demolished the houses that had been built on and beside the walls during the Ottoman era and turned the Jewish and Ottoman cemeteries into a “green zone” surrounding the Medieval Town. They preserved the remains of the Knights’ period and removed all the Ottoman additions and also reconstructed the Grand Master’s Palace. In addition, they established an Institute for the study of the History and Culture of the region.
The Italians undertook extensive infrastructure works (roads, electricity, port, etc.) and radically transformed the town of Rhodes, which was supplied with a new urban plan, building regulations and many new public and private buildings.

Rodos History  Recent period
The English bombs that fell on the medieval city of Rhodes in 1944 claimed human lives and destroyed a great number of buildings, leaving large gaps in the urban tissue. One of the first Decrees of the Greek administration designated those areas as reserved for future excavations and a number of edifices as safeguarded buildings.
In 1957, a new city plan was approved by a Decree and in 1960 the entire medieval town was designated as a protected monument by the Ministry of Culture. In 1961 and 1963 new Decrees were issued concerning the new city plan. They provided for the widening of existing streets and the opening of new ones. These were not implemented in the old city due to the resistance of the Archaeological Service. In 1988, the old town of Rhodes was designated as a World Heritage City by UNESCO.
The Ministry of Culture, through the local Archaeological Service, is the agency responsible by law for archaeological excavations and the preservation of historic buildings and works of art.
One of the first tasks of the Archaeological Service was to reconstruct and consolidate the extensively damaged fortifications and the building which houses the Archaeological Museum. Upon excavation, the north-east corner of the medieval city, which was bombed during the war, revealed the fortification of the Hellenistic city in front of the ancient great port (today’s commercial port). The scarcity of construction of new buildings in the medieval city at that time gave the Archaeological Service very few opportunities for excavations. On the other hand, the building boom of the 1970’s and 1980’s in areas outside the fortified city kept the archaeologists busy.
Later excavations in a private plot brought to light two historic phases of the wall of the Hellenistic city, one before and one after the siege of Demetrios Poliorkitis (the Besieger) (305-304 B.C.).
The base of the clock tower and the square tower of the Hospitalier walls further to the east were some of the few known surviving buildings of the Byzantine era. In excavations after 1980, two major early Christian basilicas in the medieval city were revealed. The east and a portion of the south Byzantine wall were also discovered.The positions of the wall and towers of the Collachio wall were identified.
In historic cities like Rhodes where contemporary life continues, architectural conservation becomes a more complicated task. In an attempt to cope with the complex new problems of the medieval city, the Ministry of Culture, the Municipality of Rhodes and the Archaeological Receipts Fund drew up a contract (1984) which resulted in the establishment, in 1985, of the Office for the Conservation and Restoration of the Medieval Town of Rhodes. The basic contract concerning the medieval town aims at the enhancement of its historic and cultural character, the improvement of living standards and the development of productive activities. The objective of the contract is to produce city planning projects as well as restoration studies, and also to carry out restoration projects and archaeological excavations.
In collaboration with the Ministry of Planning and with the agreement of the Archaeological Service, the Office produced a new Decree for the old town. In it the old town is designated as a town protected by the Ministry of Planning. It proposes a land use plan separating the commercial centre from the residential area, incorporates the regulations already mentioned above, defines minimum distances between shops of the same trade and provides building regulations for the few plots which have not yet been built on. In an attempt to bring in close collaboration the Ministries of Culture and Planning, the Decree provides that the Ministry of Culture, through its local Archaeological Service, is responsible for its application. The Decree was submitted to the Ministry of Planning for approval.
Parallel to the above, the Office for the Conservation of the Medieval City has executed various conservation projects, which have been completed or are in progress. Among them are:
Restoration of twenty-four residential buildings that are occupied by poor families paying low rents. The buildings belong to various historic periods so they present a mixture of building styles one next to the other.
Restoration of St. Catherine’s Hospice, a 15th century building, which was restored to its original form. A bedroom of the period is represented in all its details. It is used as an exhibition and seminar centre.
Construction of the Municipal Clinic. A residential building that had been destroyed in the air raids was reconstructed and today houses the municipal clinic of the medieval city. The reconstruction was based on pre-war photographs.
Restoration of the House of the Orthodox Bishop, known as the Admiralty Building. A 15th Century Hospitalier mansion with renaissance influences is now under restoration and consolidation and will house the Public Archives of the Dodecanese Islands.
Restoration and maintenance of the Municipal baths. Built by the Ottomans in 1581 and known as Yeni Hamam (New Baths), they served the residents of the medieval city for more than four centuries. They are under restoration and maintenance. During the works two previous layers have been revealed and they will remain visible in some of the walls.
Construction of the city infrastructure. New water, sewerage, telephone, fire protection and cable TV networks are included in this project. The streets are being re-paved with traditional natural materials. At the same time, open spaces are being designed to combine public parks, squares and parking areas.
Illumination of the city walls. The fortifications have been illuminated at night in an effort to discretely silhouette their most characteristic features. The ramparts, the gates, the towers and sculptural decorations have been accentuated through proper illumination.
The street lighting has been redesigned to achieve proper lighting of the streets . The old streetlights have been preserved and maintained and new ones have been installed. The project will continue in order to cover all the streets of the medieval city while special lighting will be designed for each of the squares.
 

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